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The pond as an ecosystem

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The pond as an ecosystem Pond is a small body of still freshwater formed naturally or by artificially where algae, aquatic plants, insects, fishes, and birds are live. The complex interactions between the biotic and abiotic components of pond form a self-sufficient and self-regulating system. The pond is the simplest aquatic ecosystem. Where Algae are eaten by microscopic animals, which are eaten by small fish on which larger carnivorous fish depend. These are in turn eaten by the aquatic birds. Aquatic insects, worms and snails feed on the waste material excreted by animals and the dead or decaying plant and animal of pond and break down into nutrients which aquatic plants can absorb, thus completing the nutrient cycle in the pond. Location, size, depth, water quality, pH of the water and several inorganic and organic substances of a pond influence the pond ecosystem. pond ecosystem Structure of pond ecosystem –  Like every ecosystem, pond ecosystem also consists of two
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Food chain and Food web

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Food chain and Food web Food chain }   Food chains are unidirectional sequence or order of organisms of an ecosystem that the food is passed from one type of organism to other organisms. }   All trophic levels in an ecosystem are connected by transferred of energy. }   Trophic level- The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food chain. Energy flow of a food chain is unidirectional i.e. From producer through herbivores to carnivores. }   The amount of energy flow decreases with successive trophic level. A large amount of energy (~90%) is lost each trophic level. }   Only about 10% of biomass is transferred from one trophic level to the next one in a food chain. Type of food chain- Grazing food chain }   Grazing food chain starts from plants, goes through herbivores and ends in carnivores. example:       Grass à Grasshopper à Lizard à Hawk       Phytoplankton à Zooplankton à Fish à Snake }   The grazing food chain is divided
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Thermal comfort

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Thermal comfort Human thermal comfort is a satisfaction with the surrounding thermal conditions. Thermal comfort is defined as “that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation ( ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2010 ) . Thermal comfort is highly subjective to person to person. It is depends on different factor such as the air temperature, relative  humidity, radiant temperature, air velocity, metabolic rates, and clothing levels and each individual physiology, so it is difficult to measure. The six factors affecting thermal comfort are both environmental and personal. Determined of the thermal comfort is essential, when designing a structure that will be occupied by people. Thermal comfort is important for health and well-being as well as productivity. A lack of thermal comfort causes stress among building occupants. When they are too warm, people can feel tired; when too cold, they will be res
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GREEN SOLVENTS

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GREEN SOLVENTS- Green solvents are environmentally friendly solvents , which are derived from the processing of agricultural crops. Green solvent or also known as bio-solvent is typically an alternative to the conventional solvents which is available in the market. Green solvents  reduces the environmental impact resulting from the use of organic solvents in chemical production.   Some important green solvent which are currently available in the industry are- 1.       Ethyl lactate 2.       Glycerol 3.       Supercritical fluids 4.       Ionic liquid 5.       Bio ethanol 6.       Terpene 7.       Polyether 8.       Siloxane polymer 9.       Dibasic esther etc. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GREEN SOLVENTS- Green solvent has a lower environmental impact compared to other conventional solvents. Some general properties of green solvent are- 1.       Green solvents are completely biodegradable. 2.       Green solvents are can be easily recycled.
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Remote sensing

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What is Remote sensing Remote sensing is defined as the art and science of obtaining information about an object without being in direct physical contact with the object. It is a scientific technology that can be used to measure and monitor important biophysical characteristic and human activities on earth. Remote sensing is also defined as the measurement or acquisition of information of some property of an object or phenomenon, by an recording device that is not in physical or intimate contact with the object or phenomenon under study. So, remote sensing is the non contact recording of information from the ultraviolet, visible infrared and microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum by means of instrument such as cameras, scanner, laser, linear arrays and area arrays located on platforms such as aircraft or spacecraft and the analysis of acquired information by mean of visual and digital image processing .(Jensen J. R.M 2014) The sensors collect data in the form of
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ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM (Definition, Type, Components and Function)

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ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM (Definition, Type, Components and Function) ECOLOGY The term ecology was coined by Earnst Haeckel (1869). The study of ecosystem is defined as Ecology. Therefore ecology deals with the study of organisms in their natural home interacting with their surrounding. ECOSYSTEM The term ecosystem was coined by a British ecologist A. G. Tansley (1935). Ecosystems is a self regulating, self sustaining and functional unit of nature where living organisms (biotic component) interacting with each other and with their non living environment (abiotic factor) exchanging energy and matter. Types of Ecosystem- According to environment- 1. Terrestrial Ecosystem -   A terrestrial ecosystem is an ecosystem found only on landforms. Six primary terrestrial ecosystems are tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rain forest, grassland and desert. 2. Aquatic Ecosystem -  An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosy
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