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Thermal comfort Human thermal comfort is a satisfaction with the surrounding thermal conditions. Thermal comfort is defined as “that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation ( ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2010 ) . Thermal comfort is highly subjective to person to person. It is depends on different factor such as the air temperature, relative humidity, radiant temperature, air velocity, metabolic rates, and clothing levels and each individual physiology, so it is difficult to measure. The six factors affecting thermal comfort are both environmental and personal. Determined of the thermal comfort is essential, when designing a structure that will be occupied by people. Thermal comfort is important for health and well-being as well as productivity. A lack of thermal comfort causes stress among building occupants. When they are too warm, people can feel tired; when too cold, they will be...
Food chain and Food web Food chain } Food chains are unidirectional sequence or order of organisms of an ecosystem that the food is passed from one type of organism to other organisms. } All trophic levels in an ecosystem are connected by transferred of energy. } Trophic level- The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food chain. Energy flow of a food chain is unidirectional i.e. From producer through herbivores to carnivores. } The amount of energy flow decreases with successive trophic level. A large amount of energy (~90%) is lost each trophic level. } Only about 10% of biomass is transferred from one trophic level to the next one in a food chain. Type of food chain- Grazing food chain } Grazing food chain starts from plants, goes through herbivores and ends in carnivores. example: Grass à Grasshopper à Lizard à Hawk Phytop...
The pond as an ecosystem Pond is a small body of still freshwater formed naturally or by artificially where algae, aquatic plants, insects, fishes, and birds are live. The complex interactions between the biotic and abiotic components of pond form a self-sufficient and self-regulating system. The pond is the simplest aquatic ecosystem. Where Algae are eaten by microscopic animals, which are eaten by small fish on which larger carnivorous fish depend. These are in turn eaten by the aquatic birds. Aquatic insects, worms and snails feed on the waste material excreted by animals and the dead or decaying plant and animal of pond and break down into nutrients which aquatic plants can absorb, thus completing the nutrient cycle in the pond. Location, size, depth, water quality, pH of the water and several inorganic and organic substances of a pond influence the pond ecosystem. pond ecosystem Structure of pond ecosystem – Like every ecosystem, pond ecosystem also consists of...
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